Introduction

Overview:

This manual is designed to help embedded programmers and students, rapidly exploit the Avr(Atmega)-Controller for embedded applications. This manual has been targeted at embedded systems programmers and Students who have basic knowledge of Avr(Atmega32/Avr) architecture and C-Language.

This manual provides the reference to all the library functions which are grouped under respective .c file.

The .c files convention is as per the peripherals. The peripherals (lcd, keypad..) are connected to default PORTs which can be connect to required  PORTs by changing the #defines .

Reference:

    It is recommended to go through the below reference documents and datasheets before interfacing any peripherals.

1. The Avr Microcontroller and Embedded Systems by Muhammad Ali Mazidi. 2. Atmega32 DataSheet. 3. Embedded C by Michael J Pont . 4. Any of the 16x2 lcd datasheet. 5. RTC-DS1307 from Dallas Semiconductors.

Feedback:

Suggestions for additions and improvements in code and documentation are always welcome. Please send your feedback via e-mail to feedback@xplorelabz.com

Disclaimer:

The libraries have been tested for Atmega16 on different development boards. We strongly believe that the library works on any Atmega boards. However, Xplore Labz disclaims any kind of hardware failure resulting out of usage of libraries, directly or indirectly. Documentation may be subject to change without prior notice.

The usage of tools and software demonstrated in the document are for educational purpose only, all rights pertaining to these belong to the respective owners. Users must ensure license terms are adhered to, for any use of the demonstrated software.

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Since the library is licensed free of charge, there is no warranty for the libraries and the entire risk of the quality and performance is with the user.

Errors and omissions should be reported to feedback@xplorelabz.com

                                                 =ADC=

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                   Avr ADC library.

Filename: adc.c Controller: Atmega8/16/32/128 Oscillator: 11.0592 MHz Author: XploreLabz website: www.xplorelabz.com Reference:Atmega32 dataSheet

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

include<avr/io.h>
include <util/delay.h>
include "adc.h"

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ADC_Init()

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: none

* description :This function initializes the ADC control registers

*/

void ADC_Init()

{
  ADCSRA=0x81;  //Enable ADC , sampling freq=osc_freq/2
  ADMUX=0x00;   //Result right justified, select channel zero
 }

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ADC_StartConversion()

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: char(channel number).
* Return value	: int(10 bit ADC result)

* description  :This function does the ADC conversioin for the Selected Channel
                and returns the converted 10bit result

*/

unsigned int ADC_StartConversion(unsigned char channel)

{
  
  ADMUX=channel;          //Select a channel for which the conversion needs to be done
  _delay_ms(5);           //Wait till the channel is selected
  
  ADCSRA=0xc1;           //Start the ADC conversion by setting ADSC bit
  
  while((ADCSRA & (1<<ADIF)==0); //Wait till the conversion is over
                                    //ADIF will be set once ADC conversion is complete
    return(ADCW);             //Return the 10-bit result
  }

LCD_8_bit Mode

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                       AVR LCD library for 8-bit mode

Filename: lcd_8_bit.c Controller: Atmega Family(8,16,32,64,128) Oscillator: 11.0592 MHz Author: XploreLabz website: www.xplorelabz.com

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note:
  1.Pin connection for LCD display in 8-bit mode is as shown below.
     By default the LCD is connected to PORTB(databus) and PORTD(controlbus).
  2.The code can be modified to connect the LCD to any of the PORTs
    by changing the  "#define ".

*/

/* io.h contains the defnition of all ports and SFRs

  delay.h contains the in built delay routines(us and ms routines)*/

include <avr\io.h>
include <util\delay.h>

include "lcd.h"

define databus_direction DDRC // LCD databus Direction Configuration
define controlbus_direction DDRD // LCD Control bus Direction Configuration

define databus PORTC // LCD databus connected to PORTB
define control_bus PORTD // LCD Control bus connected to PORTD

define rs 5 // Register select pin connected 6th bit(D5) Control bus
define rw 6 // Read Write pin connected to 7th bit(D6) Control bus
define en 7 // Enable pin connected to 8th bit(D7) Control bus

/* 16x2 LCD Specification */

define LCDMaxLines 2
define LCDMaxChars 16
define LineOne 0x80
define LineTwo 0xc0

define BlankSpace ' '

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_Init()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Function name:  LCD_Init()
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function is used to initialize the lcd in 8-bit mode

*/

void LCD_Init() {

   _delay_ms(50);
  databus_direction = 0xff;   // Configure both databus and controlbus as output
  controlbus_direction = 0xff;
  LCD_CmdWrite(0x38);   // LCD 2lines, 5*7 matrix
  LCD_CmdWrite(0x0E);	// Display ON cursor ON
  LCD_CmdWrite(0x01);	// Clear the LCD
  LCD_CmdWrite(0x80);	// Move the Cursor to First line First Position

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_Clear()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function clears the LCD and moves the cursor to first Position

*/

void LCD_Clear() {

  LCD_CmdWrite(0x01);	// Clear the LCD and go to First line First Position
  LCD_CmdWrite(LineOne);

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                         ==LCD_GoToLineOne()==
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function moves the Cursor to First line First Position

*/

void LCD_GoToLineOne() {

  LCD_CmdWrite(LineOne);	// Move the Cursor to First line First Position

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_GoToLineTwo()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function moves the Cursor to Second line First Position

*/

void LCD_GoToLineTwo() {

  LCD_CmdWrite(LineTwo);	// Move the Cursor to Second line First Position

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_GoToXY()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: char row,char col
                row -> line number(line1=0, line2=1),
                       For 2line LCD the I/P argument should be either 0 or 1.
                col -> char number.
                       For 16-char LCD the I/P argument should be betwen 0-15.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function moves the Cursor to specified position

*/

void LCD_GoToXY(char row, char col) {

  char pos;

   if(row<LCDMaxLines)
     {

pos= LineOne | (row << 6); // take the line number //row0->pos=0x80 row1->pos=0xc0

if(col<LCDMaxChars) pos= pos+col; //take the char number //now pos points to the given XY pos

LCD_CmdWrite(pos); // Move the Cursor to specified Position

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_CmdWrite()

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* I/P Arguments: 8-bit command supported by LCD.
* Return value	: none

* description :This function sends a command to LCD in the following steps.
    step1: Send the I/P command to LCD.
    step2: Select the Control Register by making RS low.
    step3: Select Write operation making RW low.

step4: Send a High-to-Low pulse on Enable PIN with some delay_us.

*/

void LCD_CmdWrite( char cmd) {

   databus=cmd;             // Send the command to LCD
   control_bus &=~(1<<rs);  // Select the Command Register by pulling RS LOW
   control_bus &=~(1<<rw);  // Select the Write Operation  by pulling RW LOW
   control_bus |=1<<en;     // Send a High-to-Low Pusle at Enable Pin
  _delay_us(1);
  control_bus &=~(1<<en);
  _delay_ms(1);

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_DataWrite()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: ASCII value of the char to be displayed.
* Return value	: none

* description  :
   This function sends a character to be displayed on LCD in the following steps.
     step1: Send the character to LCD.
     step2: Select the Data Register by making RS high.
     step3: Select Write operation making RW low.

step4: Send a High-to-Low pulse on Enable PIN with some delay_us.

*/

void LCD_DataWrite( char dat) {

   databus=dat;            // Send the data to LCD
   control_bus |=1<<rs;	// Select the Data Register by pulling RS HIGH
   control_bus &=~(1<<rw);	// Select the Write Operation  by pulling RW LOW
   control_bus |=1<<en;	// Send a High-to-Low Pusle at Enable Pin

_delay_us(1);

   control_bus &=~(1<<en);
   _delay_ms(1);

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_DisplayString()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: String(Address of the string) to be displayed.
* Return value	: none

* description  :
              This function is used to display the ASCII string on the lcd.
                1.The string_ptr points to the first char of the string
                   and traverses till the end(NULL CHAR).
                2.Each time a char is sent to LCD_DataWrite funtion to display.

*/

void LCD_DisplayString(char *string_ptr) {

  while(*string_ptr)
   LCD_DataWrite(*string_ptr++);
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_DisplayNumber()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Function name:  LCD_DisplayNumber()
* I/P Arguments: unsigned int.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function is used to display a 5-digit integer(0-65535).
                ex: if the number is 12345 then 12345 is displayed.
                    if the number is 123 then 00123 is displayed.

__________Take 1 by dividing by 10000 and add 0X30 to obtain the ASCII value,

| then take the 4-digit remainder(2345). | | _________Take 2 by dividing by 1000 and add 0X30 to obtain the ASCII value, || then take the 3-digit remainder(345) || || ________Take 3 by dividing by 100 and add 0X30 to obtain the ASCII value, ||| then take the 2-digit remainder(45). ||| ||| _______Take 4 by dividing by 10 and add 0X30 to obtain the ASCII value, |||| ______Take 5 the remainder of 45 and add 0X30 to obtain the ASCII value,. ||||| 12345

*/

void LCD_DisplayNumber(unsigned int num) {

  LCD_DataWrite((num/10000)+0x30);
  num=num%10000;

  LCD_DataWrite((num/1000)+0x30);
  num=num%1000;

  LCD_DataWrite((num/100)+0x30);
  num=num%100;

  LCD_DataWrite((num/10)+0x30);

  LCD_DataWrite((num%10)+0x30);

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_ScrollMessage()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: char *msg_ptr
                msg_ptr -> pointer to the string to be scrolled

* Return value	: none

* description  :This function scrolls the given message on the first line.
       1.16 chars are displayed at atime.
       2.Pointer is incremented to skip a char each time to give the illusion of
          moving chars
       3.If the chars are less than 16, then the BlankSpaces are displayed.

*/

void LCD_ScrollMessage(char *msg_ptr) {

 unsigned char i,j;
 LCD_CmdWrite(0x0c);			 //Disable the Cursor
 for(i=0;msg_ptr[i];i++)        //Loop to display the complete string
   {                            //each time 16 chars are displayed and
                                //pointer is incremented to point to next char

     LCD_GoToLineOne();                   //Move the Cursor to first line

     for(j=0;j<LCDMaxChars && msg_ptr[i+j];j++) //loop to Display first 16 Chars

LCD_DataWrite(msg_ptr[i+j]); //or till Null char

for(j=j; j<LCDMaxChars; j++) //If the chars are below 16

       LCD_DataWrite(BlankSpace);              //then display blank spaces

      _delay_ms(500);
   }
  LCD_CmdWrite(0x0E);			  //Enable the Cursor

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_DisplayRtcTime()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: char hour,char min,char sec
            hour,min,sec should be packed BCD format, as read from DS1307

* Return value	: none

* description  :This function display hour,min,sec read from DS1307.

  ___________ Display the higher nibble of hour after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |            Display the lower nibble of hour after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |
 |	  ________ Display the higher nibble of min after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |	 |     	   Display the lower nibble of min after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |	 |
 |	 |	 _____ Display the higher nibble of sec after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |	 |	|      Display the lower nibble of sec after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |	 |	|
 10;10;40

*/

void LCD_DisplayRtcTime(char hour,char min,char sec) {

   LCD_DataWrite(((hour>>4) & 0x0f) + 0x30);
   LCD_DataWrite((hour & 0x0f) + 0x30);
   LCD_DataWrite(':');

   LCD_DataWrite(((min>>4) & 0x0f) + 0x30);

LCD_DataWrite((min & 0x0f) + 0x30);

   LCD_DataWrite(':');

   LCD_DataWrite(((sec>>4) & 0x0f) + 0x30);

LCD_DataWrite((sec & 0x0f) + 0x30);

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_DisplayRtcDate()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: char day,char month,char year
            day,month,year should be packed BCD format, as read from DS1307

* Return value	: none

* description  :This function display day,month,year read from DS1307.

  ___________ Display the higher nibble of day after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |            Display the lower nibble of day after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |
 |   ________ Display the higher nibble of month after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |  |         Display the lower nibble of month after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |  |
 |  |	 _____ Display the higher nibble of year after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |  |	|      Display the lower nibble of year after adding 0x30(ASCII conversion)
 |  |	|
 01/01/12 (1st-Jan 2012)

*/

void LCD_DisplayRtcDate(char day,char month,char year)

{
    LCD_DataWrite(((day>>4) & 0x0f) + 0x30);
    LCD_DataWrite((day & 0x0f) + 0x30);
    LCD_DataWrite('/');

    LCD_DataWrite(((month>>4) & 0x0f) + 0x30);
	 LCD_DataWrite((month & 0x0f) + 0x30);
    LCD_DataWrite('/');

    LCD_DataWrite(((year>>4) & 0x0f) + 0x30);
	LCD_DataWrite((year & 0x0f) + 0x30);

LCD_4_bit Mode

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                       AVR LCD library for 4-bit mode

Filename: lcd_4_bit.c Controller: Atmega Family(8,16,32,64,128) Oscillator: 11.0592 MHz Author: XploreLabz website: www.xplorelabz.com

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note:

1.Pin connection for LCD display in 4-bit mode.
2.By default the LCD is connected to PORTB.
3.The code can be modified to connect the LCD to any of the PORTs by changing the
  "#define databus PORTB".

*/

/* io.h contains the defnition of all ports and SFRs

  delay.h contains the in built delay routines(us and ms routines)*/

include <avr\io.h>
include <util\delay.h>

include "lcd.h"

define databus_direction DDRB // LCD data and Control bus Direction Configuration

define databus PORTB // LCD databus connected to PORTB
define control_bus PORTB // LCD Control bus connected to PORTB

define rs 0 // Register select pin connected 1st bit(D0) Control bus
define rw 1 // Read Write pin connected to 2nd bit(D1) Control bus
define en 2 // Enable pin connected to 3rd bit(D2) Control bus

/* 16x2 LCD Specification */

define LCDMaxLines 2
define LCDMaxChars 16
define LineOne 0x80
define LineTwo 0xc0

define BlankSpace ' '

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_Init()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Function name:  LCD_Init()
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value : none

* description  :This function is used to initialize the lcd in 4-bit mode

*/

void LCD_Init() {

  _delay_ms(50);
  databus_direction = 0xff;  // Configure both databus and controlbus as output
  LCD_CmdWrite(0x02);	       //Initilize the LCD in 4bit Mode
  LCD_CmdWrite(0x28);
  LCD_CmdWrite(0x0E);	      // Display ON cursor ON
  LCD_CmdWrite(0x01);	      // Clear the LCD
  LCD_CmdWrite(0x80);	      // Move the Cursor to First line First Position

}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_CmdWrite()

* I/P Arguments: 8-bit command supported by LCD.
* Return value : none

* description  :This function sends a command to LCD in the following steps.
    step1: Send the Higher Nibble of the I/P command to LCD.
    step2: Select the Control Register by making RS low.
    step3: Select Write operation making RW low.
    step4: Send a High-to-Low pulse on Enable PIN with some delay_us.

    step5: Send the Lower Nibble of the I/P command to LCD.
    step6: Select the Control Register by making RS low.
    step7: Select Write operation making RW low.
    step8: Send a High-to-Low pulse on Enable PIN with some delay_us.

*/

void LCD_CmdWrite( char cmd) {

   databus=(cmd & 0xf0);        // Send the Higher Nibble of the command to LCD
   control_bus &=~(1<<rs);  // Select the Command Register by pulling RS LOW
   control_bus &=~(1<<rw);  // Select the Write Operation  by pulling RW LOW
   control_bus |=1<<en;     // Send a High-to-Low Pusle at Enable Pin

_delay_us(1);

   control_bus &=~(1<<en);

   _delay_us(10);				// wait for some time

  databus=((cmd<<4) & 0xf0);   // Send the Lower Nibble of the command to LCD
   control_bus &=~(1<<rs);  // Select the Command Register by pulling RS LOW
   control_bus &=~(1<<rw);  // Select the Write Operation  by pulling RW LOW
   control_bus |=1<<en;     // Send a High-to-Low Pusle at Enable Pin

_delay_us(1);

   control_bus &=~(1<<en);

  _delay_ms(1);

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LCD_DataWrite()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Function name: LCD_DataWrite()
* I/P Arguments: ASCII value of the char to be displayed.
* Return value : none

* description  :
   This function sends a character to be displayed on LCD in the following steps.
      step1: Send the higher nibble of the character to LCD.
      step2: Select the Data Register by making RS high.
      step3: Select Write operation making RW low.
      step4: Send a High-to-Low pulse on Enable PIN with some delay_us.

      step5: wait for some time

      step6: Send the lower nibble of the character to LCD.
      step7: Select the Data Register by making RS high.
      step8: Select Write operation making RW low.
      step9: Send a High-to-Low pulse on Enable PIN with some delay_us.

*/

void LCD_DataWrite( char dat) {

   databus=(dat & 0xf0);	  // Send the Higher Nibble of the Data to LCD
   control_bus |=1<<rs;	  // Select the Data Register by pulling RS HIGH
   control_bus &=~(1<<rw);	  // Select the Write Operation  by pulling RW LOW
   control_bus |=1<<en;	  // Send a High-to-Low Pusle at Enable Pin

_delay_us(1);

   control_bus &=~(1<<en);
   _delay_us(10);

  databus=((dat <<4) & 0xf0); // Send the Lower Nibble of the Data to LCD
   control_bus |=1<<rs;	   // Select the Data Register by pulling RS HIGH
   control_bus &=~(1<<rw);	   // Select the Write Operation  by pulling RW LOW
   control_bus |=1<<en;	   // Send a High-to-Low Pusle at Enable Pin

_delay_us(1);

   control_bus &=~(1<<en);
   _delay_ms(1);

}

Keypad

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                       Avr 4x4 Keypad Library

Filename: keypad.c Controller:Atmega8/16/32/128 Oscillator: 11.0592 MHz Author: XploreLabz website: www.xplorelabz.com

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
 1.Rows are connected to lower 4-bits of PORTC
 1.Cols are connected to higher 4-bits of PORTC

*/

include <avr\io.h>
include <util\delay.h>
include "keypad.h"
include "lcd.h"

define RowColDirection DDRB //Data Direction Configuration for keypad
define ROW PORTB //Lower four bits of PORTC are used as ROWs
define COL PINB //Higher four bits of PORTC are used as COLs

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

KEYPAD_Init()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments:none
* Return value : none

* description  : This function the rows and colums for keypad scan
       1.ROW lines are configured as Output.
       2.Column Lines are configured as Input.

*/

void KEYPAD_Init() {

      RowColDirection=0xf0;   // Configure Row lines as O/P and Column lines as I/P

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

KEYPAD_WaitForKeyRelease()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments:none

* Return value	: none

* description  : This function waits till the previous key is released.
       1.All the ROW lines are pulled low.
       2.Column Lines are read to check the key press.
       3.If all the Keys are released then Column lines will remain high(0x0f)

*/

void KEYPAD_WaitForKeyRelease() {

  unsigned char key;
   do

{

         ROW=0x0f;         // Pull the ROW lines to low and Column high low.

key=COL & 0x0f; // Read the Columns, to check the key press

      }while(key!=0x0f);   // Wait till the Key is released,
                           // If no Key is pressed, Column lines will remain high (0x0f)

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

KEYPAD_WaitForKeyPress()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments:none

* Return value	: none

* description  : This function waits till a new key is pressed.
       1.All the ROW lines are pulled low.
       2.Column Lines are read to check the key press.
       3.If any Key is pressed then corresponding Column Line goes low.
       4.Wait for Some time and perform the above operation to ensure
         the True Key Press before decoding the KEY.

*/

void KEYPAD_WaitForKeyPress() {

 unsigned char key;
 do
  {

do

ROW=0x0f; // Pull the ROW lines to low and Column lines high. key=COL & 0x0F; // Read the Columns, to check the key press }while(key==0x0f); // Wait till the Key is pressed, // if a Key is pressed the corresponding Column line go low

_delay_ms(1); // Wait for some time(debounce Time);

ROW=0x0f; // After debounce time, perform the above operation key=COL & 0x0F; // to ensure the Key press.

}while(key==0x0f);

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

KEYPAD_ScanKey()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments:none

* Return value	: char--> Scancode of the Key Pressed

* description  : This function scans all the rows to decode the key pressed.
       1.Each time a ROW line is pulled low to detect the KEY.
       2.Column Lines are read to check the key press.
       3.If any Key is pressed then corresponding Column Line goes low.

       4.Return the ScanCode(Combination of ROW & COL) for decoding the key.

*/

unsigned char KEYPAD_ScanKey()

unsigned char ScanKey = 0xe0,i, key;

 for(i=0;i<0x04;i++)           // Scan All the 4-Rows for key press
   {
     ROW=ScanKey + 0x0F;         // Select 1-Row at a time for Scanning the Key
     key=COL & 0x0F;             // Read the Column, for key press

     if(key!= 0x0F)             // If the KEY press is detected for the selected
        break;                   // ROW then stop Scanning,

    ScanKey=(ScanKey<<1)+ 0x10; // Rotate the ScanKey to SCAN the remaining Rows
   }

   key = key + (ScanKey & 0xf0);  // Return the row and COL status to decode the key

   return(key);

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

KEYPAD_GetKey()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: none

* Return value	: char--> ASCII value of the Key Pressed

* Description: This function waits till a key is pressed and returns its ASCII Value

       1. Wait till the previous key is released..
       2. Wait for the new key press.
       3. Scan all the rows one at a time for the pressed key.
       4. Decode the key pressed depending on ROW-COL combination and returns its
         ASCII value.

*/

unsigned char KEYPAD_GetKey() { unsigned char key;

     KEYPAD_WaitForKeyRelease();    // Wait for the previous key release
     _delay_ms(1);

     KEYPAD_WaitForKeyPress();      // Wait for the new key press
     key = KEYPAD_ScanKey();        // Scan for the key pressed.

  switch(key)                       // Decode the key
    {
       case 0xe7: key='0'; break;
       case 0xeb: key='1'; break;
       case 0xed: key='2'; break;
       case 0xee: key='3'; break;
       case 0xd7: key='4'; break;
       case 0xdb: key='5'; break;
       case 0xdd: key='6'; break;
       case 0xde: key='7'; break;
       case 0xb7: key='8'; break;
       case 0xbb: key='9'; break;
       case 0xbd: key='A'; break;
       case 0xbe: key='B'; break;
       case 0x77: key='C'; break;
       case 0x7b: key='D'; break;
       case 0x7d: key='E'; break;
       case 0x7e: key='F'; break;
      default: key='z';
     }
  return(key);                      // Return the key

}

UART

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  AVR UART library for Serial Communication for 9600 baud rate at 11.0592Mhz

Filename: uart.c Controller: Atmega8/16/32/128 Oscillator: 11.0592 MHz Author: XploreLabz website: www.xplorelabz.com

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

 #include<avr/io.h>

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                             ==UART_Init()==

* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: none
* description  :This function is used to initialize the UART at 9600 baud rate
                 by below configuration.

*/

void UART_Init() {

       UCSRB= 0x18;   // Enable Receiver and Transmitter
       UCSRC= 0x86;   // Asynchronous mode 8-bit data and 1-stop bit
       UCSRA= 0x00;   // Normal Baud rate(no doubling), Single processor commn
       UBRRH= 0;
       UBRRL= 71;     // 9600 Baud rate at 11.0592MHz
 }

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UART_RxChar()

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: char
* description :This function is used to receive a char from UART module.
               It waits till a char is received ie.till RXC is set,
               RXC will be set once a CHAR is received.
               Finally returns the received char.

*/

char UART_RxChar() {

  while((UCSRA & (1<<RXC))==0);   // Wait till the data is received
   return(UDR);                    // return the received char

}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UART_TxChar()

* I/P Arguments: char--> data to be transmitted.
* Return value	: none.
* description  :This function is used to transmit a char through UART module.
                It waits till previous char is transmitted ie.till UDRE is set.
                UDRE will be set once a CHAR is transmitted ie UDR becomes empty.

Finally the new Char to be transmitted is loaded into UDR.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void UART_TxChar(char ch)

{

  while((UCSRA & (1<<UDRE))==0); // Wait till Transmitter(UDR) register becomes Empty
             UDR =ch;             // Load the data to be transmitted

}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UART_TxString()

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: String(Address of the string) to be transmitted.
* Return value : none

* description :This function is used to transmit the ASCII string through UART..
               The string_ptr points to the first char of the string.
               And it is incremented each time to traverse till the end(NULL CHAR).
              Each time a char is sent to UART_TxChar() fun to transmit it through UART

_*/

void UART_TxString(char *string_ptr)

{
         while(*string_ptr)
          UART_TxChar(*string_ptr++);
  }

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UART_RxString()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: *string_ptr
                  Address of the string where the received data needs to be stored
* Return value : none

* description  :
               1.This function is used to receive a ASCII string through UART
                 till the carriage_return/New_line
               2.The string_ptr points to the begining of the string and each
                 time UART_RxChar() function is called to receive a char and copy
                 it into the buffer(STRING) and incrment string_ptr.
               3.Once the carriage_return/New_line is encountered the loop
                 is breaked and the String is NULL terminated.

*****NOTE*******:
 1.The received char is ECHOED back,
   if not required then comment UART_TxChar(ch) in the code.
 2.BackSlash is not taken care.

_*/

void UART_RxString(char *string_ptr)

{
    char ch;
    while(1)
      {
         ch=UART_RxChar();    //Reaceive a char
         UART_TxChar(ch);     //Echo back the received char

        if((ch=='\r') || (ch=='\n')) //read till enter key is pressed
          {                          //once enter key is pressed
             *string_ptr=0;          //null terminate the string
               break;                //and break the loop
            }
        *string_ptr=ch;              //copy the char into string.
        string_ptr++;                //and increment the pointer
     }
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UART_TxNumber()

* I/P Arguments: unsigned int.
* Return value : none

* description  :This function is used to transmit a 5-digit integer(0-65535).
                ex: if the number is 12345 then 12345 is transmitted.
                    if the number is 123 then 00123 is transmitted.

----------Take 1 by dividing by 10000 and add 0X30 to obtain the ASCII value,

| then take the 4-digit remainder(2345). | | ---------Take 2 by dividing by 1000 and add 0X30 to obtain the ASCII value, || then take the 3-digit remainder(345) || || --------Take 3 by dividing by 100 and add 0X30 to obtain the ASCII value, ||| then take the 2-digit remainder(45). ||| ||| -------Take 4 by dividing by 10 and add 0X30 to obtain the ASCII value, |||| ------Take 5 the remainder of 45 and add 0X30 to obtain the ASCII value,. ||||| 12345

*/

void UART_TxNumber(unsigned int num) {

      UART_TxChar((num/10000)+0x30);
      num=num%10000;

      UART_TxChar((num/1000)+0x30);
      num=num%1000;

      UART_TxChar((num/100)+0x30);
      num=num%100;

      UART_TxChar((num/10)+0x30);

      UART_TxChar((num%10)+0x30);

}

I2C

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*

                                Avr I2C  library

Filename: I2C.c Controller: Atmega8/16/32/128 Oscillator: 11.0592 MHz Author: XploreLabz website: www.xplorelabz.com

Refer Atmega32 for register description.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

include<avr\io.h>
include<util\delay.h>
include "i2c.h"

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I2C_Init()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: none

* description :This function is used to initialize the  I2c Module.

*/

void I2C_Init() {

 TWSR=0x00; //set presca1er bits to zero
 TWBR=0x46; //SCL frequency is 100K for XTAL = 7.3728M
 TWCR=0x04; //enab1e TWI module

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*

I2C_Start()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------*
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function is used to generate I2C Start Condition.
                Start Condition: SDA goes low when SCL is High.

                              ____________
               SCL:          |            |
                     ________|            |______
                          _________
               SDA:      |         |
                     ____|         |____________

*/

void I2C_Start() {

 TWCR = ((1<<TWINT) | (1<<TWSTA) | (1<<TWEN));
 while (!(TWCR & (1<<TWINT)));

}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I2C_Stop()

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: none
* description  :This function is used to generate I2C Stop Condition.
                Stop Condition: SDA goes High when SCL is High.
                              ____________
               SCL:          |            |
                     ________|            |______
                                _________________
               SDA:            |
                     __________|

*/

void I2C_Stop(void) {

 TWCR = ((1<< TWINT) | (1<<TWEN) | (1<<TWSTO));
  _delay_us(10) ; //wait for a short time

} /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*

I2C_Write()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------*
* I/P Arguments: unsigned char-->8bit data to be sent.
* Return value	: none
* description  :This function is used to send a byte on SDA line using I2C protocol
                8bit data is sent bit-by-bit on each clock cycle.
                MSB(bit) is sent first and LSB(bit) is sent at last.
                Data is sent when SCL is low.
        ___     ___     ___     ___     ___     ___     ___     ___     ___	   _
SCL:   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |	  |
     __|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|

SDA:    D8	     D7      D6	   D5	     D4	 D3	    D2	D1	  D0

*/

void I2C_Write(unsigned char dat) {

 TWDR = dat ;
 TWCR = ((1<< TWINT) | (1<<TWEN));
 while (!(TWCR & (1 <<TWINT)));

} /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------*

I2C_Read()

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*
* I/P Arguments: char: Acknowledgement for the Ninth clock cycle.
* Return value	: Unsigned char(received byte)
* description :This fun is used to receive a byte on SDA line using I2C protocol.
              8bit data is received bit-by-bit each clock and finally packed into Byte.
              MSB(bit) is received first and LSB(bit) is received at last.
        ___     ___     ___     ___     ___     ___     ___     ___     ___

SCL: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

     __|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|   |___|

SDA:    D8		 D7    D6	   D5	     D4	  D3	   D2	     D1	  D0

*/

unsigned char I2C_Read(unsigned char ack) {

TWCR = ((1<< TWINT) | (1<<TWEN) | (ack<<TWEA));
  while ( !(TWCR & (1 <<TWINT)));
  return TWDR;

}

RTC_DS1307

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                        DS1307  library

Filename: DS1307.c Controller: Atmega8/16/32/128 Oscillator: 11.0592 MHz Author: XploreLabz website: www.xplorelabz.com

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

include <avr\io.h>
include <util\delay.h>

include "ds1307.h"
include "i2c.h"

/* Below values are fixed and should not be changed.

   Refer Ds1307 DataSheet for more info*/

define DS1307_ID 0xD0 // DS1307 ID

define SEC_ADDRESS 0x00 // Address to access Ds1307 SEC register
define DATE_ADDRESS 0x04 // Address to access Ds1307 DATE register
define CONTROL 0x07 // Address to access Ds1307 CONTROL register

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DS1307_Init()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: none.
* Return value	: none

* description :This function is used to initialize the Ds1307 RTC.
               Ds1307 ic is enabled by sending the DS1307 id on the I2C bus.
               After selecting DS1307, write 0x00 into Control register of Ds1307

*/

void DS1307_Init() {

  	I2C_Init();             // Initilize the I2c module.

I2C_Start(); // Start I2C communication

I2C_Write(DS1307_ID); // Connect to DS1307 by sending its ID on I2c Bus I2C_Write(CONTROL); // Select the Ds1307 ControlRegister to configure Ds1307

I2C_Write(0x00); // Write 0x00 to Control register to disable SQW-Out

I2C_Stop(); // Stop I2C communication after initilizing DS1307

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DS1307_SetTime()

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: char,char,char-->hh,mm,ss to initilize the time into DS1307.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function is used to set Time(hh,mm,ss) into the Ds1307 RTC.
                Ds1307 ic is enabled by sending the DS1307 id on the I2C bus.
                After selecting DS1307, select the RAM address 0x00 to point to sec
                Initilze Sec, MIN, Hour one after the other.
                Stop the I2c communication.

*/

void DS1307_SetTime(unsigned char hh, unsigned char mm, unsigned char ss) { I2C_Start(); // Start I2C communication

I2C_Write(DS1307_ID); // connect to DS1307 by sending its ID on I2c Bus I2C_Write(SEC_ADDRESS); // Select the SEC RAM address

I2C_Write(ss); // Write sec on RAM address 00H I2C_Write(mm); // Write min on RAM address 01H I2C_Write(hh); // Write hour on RAM address 02H

I2C_Stop(); // Stop I2C communication after Setting the Time }

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DS1307_SetDate()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: char,char,char-->day,month,year to initilize the Date into DS1307.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function is used to set Date(dd,mm,yy) into the Ds1307 RTC.
                Ds1307 ic is enabled by sending the DS1307 id on the I2C bus.
                After selecting DS1307, select the RAM address 0x04 to point to day
                Initilze Day,Month and Year one after the other.
                Stop the I2c communication.

*/

void DS1307_SetDate(unsigned char dd, unsigned char mm, unsigned char yy) {

	I2C_Start();            // Start I2C communication

I2C_Write(DS1307_ID); // connect to DS1307 by sending its ID on I2c Bus I2C_Write(DATE_ADDRESS); // Request DAY RAM address at 04H

I2C_Write(dd); // Write date on RAM address 04H I2C_Write(mm); // Write month on RAM address 05H I2C_Write(yy); // Write year on RAM address 06h

I2C_Stop(); // Stop I2C communication after Setting the Date }

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DS1307_GetTime()

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: char *,char *,char *-->pointers to get the hh,mm,ss.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function is used to get the Time(hh,mm,ss) from Ds1307 RTC.
                Ds1307 ic is enabled by sending the DS1307 id on the I2C bus.
                After selecting DS1307, select the RAM address 0x00 to point to sec
                Get Sec, MIN, Hour one after the other.
                Stop the I2c communication.

*/

void DS1307_GetTime(unsigned char *h_ptr,unsigned char *m_ptr,unsigned char *s_ptr) {

    I2C_Start();             // Start I2C communication

I2C_Write(DS1307_ID); // connect to DS1307 by sending its ID on I2c Bus I2C_Write(SEC_ADDRESS); // Request Sec RAM address at 00H

    I2C_Stop();			// Stop I2C communication after selecting Sec Register

   I2C_Start();		        // Start I2C communication
   I2C_Write(0xD1);	        // connect to DS1307( under Read mode)
                               //by sending its ID on I2c Bus

 *s_ptr = I2C_Read(1);      // read second and return Positive ACK
 *m_ptr = I2C_Read(1); 	// read minute and return Positive ACK
 *h_ptr = I2C_Read(0);      // read hour and return Negative/No ACK

 I2C_Stop();		       // Stop I2C communication after reading the Time
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DS1307_GetDate()

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: char *,char *,char *-->pointers to get the y,m,d.
* Return value	: none

* description  :This function is used to get the Date(y,m,d) from Ds1307 RTC.
                Ds1307 ic is enabled by sending the DS1307 id on the I2C bus.
                After selecting DS1307, select the RAM address 0x00 to point to DAY
                Get Day, Month, Year one after the other.
                Stop the I2c communication.

*/

void DS1307_GetDate(unsigned char *d_ptr,unsigned char *m_ptr,unsigned char *y_ptr) {

   I2C_Start();             // Start I2C communication

   I2C_Write(DS1307_ID);	// connect to DS1307 by sending its ID on I2c Bus
   I2C_Write(DATE_ADDRESS);		// Request DAY RAM address at 04H

   I2C_Stop();			 // Stop I2C communication after selecting DAY Register

  I2C_Start();		        // Start I2C communication
  I2C_Write(0xD1);	        // connect to DS1307( under Read mode)
                               // by sending its ID on I2c Bus

 *d_ptr = I2C_Read(1);       // read Day and return Positive ACK
 *m_ptr = I2C_Read(1);       // read Month and return Positive ACK
 *y_ptr = I2C_Read(0);       // read Year and return Negative/No ACK

 I2C_Stop();		       // Stop I2C communication after reading the Time
}

EEPROM

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*

                               Avr Eeprom library

Filename: eeprom.c Controller: Atmega8/16/32/128 Oscillator: 11.0592 MHz Author: XploreLabz website: www.xplorelabz.com Reference: Atmega8/16/32 dataSheet for Control register description.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

include<avr\io.h>
include<util\delay.h>

/*The below value should be set depending on the controller

 by refering the respective data sheet*/

define MaxEepromSize 1024

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EEPROM_WriteByte()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: int,char-->eeprom_address at which eeprom_data is to be written.
* Return value	: none

* description:This function is used to write the data at specified EEPROM_address..
      1. Wait till previous write operation is completed(ie wait till EEWE becomes zero).

2.Load the eeprom address into EEAR at which the data has to be stored.

      3.Load the data into EEDR which has to be stored in Eeprom.
      4.Set the EEMWE(Eeprom Master Write Enable) and within four clock cycles
          set EEWE(Eeprom Write Enable) to trigger the Eeprom Write Opeartion.

*/

void EEPROM_WriteByte(unsigned int eeprom_Address, unsigned char eeprom_Data) {

 while(EECR & (1<<EEWE));   // Wait for completion of previous write, EEWE will be
                            // cleared by hardware once Eeprom write is completed

   EEAR = eeprom_Address;  //Load the eeprom adddress and data
   EEDR = eeprom_Data;

   EECR |= (1<<EEMWE);    // Write logical one to EEMWE

   EECR |= (1<<EEWE);     // Start eeprom write by setting EEWE

}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EEPROM_ReadByte()

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: int-->eeprom_address from where eeprom_data is to be read.
* Return value	: char-->data read from Eeprom.

* description: This function is used to read the data from specified EEPROM_address.
      1.WAit for completion of previous Write operation.

2.EEWE will be cleared once EEprom write is completed. 3.Load the eeprom address into EEAR from where the data needs to be read. 4.Trigger the eeprom read operation by setting EERE(Eeprom Read Enable). 5.Wait for some time and collect the read data from EEDR.

*/

unsigned char EEPROM_ReadByte(unsigned int eeprom_Address) {

 while(EECR & (1<<EEWE));  //Wait for completion of previous write if any.

 EEAR = eeprom_Address;    //Load the address from where the datas needs to be read. 
 EECR |=(1<<EERE);         // start eeprom read by setting EERE

  _delay_ms(1);  
             
  return EEDR;             // Return data from data register

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EEPROM_WriteNBytes()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: int,-->eeprom_address from where the N-bytes are to be written.
                 char*-->Pointer to the N-bytes of data to be written.
                 char --> Number of bytes to be written

* Return value	: none

* description:
           This function is used to write N-bytes of data at specified EEPROM_address.
           EEPROM_WriteByte() function is called to write a byte at atime.
           Source(RAM) and destination(EEPROM) address are incremented after each write
           NoOfBytes is Decemented each time a byte is written.
           Above Operation is carried out till all the bytes are written(NoOfBytes!=0)

*/

void EEPROM_WriteNBytes(unsigned int EepromAddr, unsigned char *RamAddr, char NoOfBytes)

{
 while(NoOfBytes !=  0)
  {

EEPROM_WriteByte(EepromAddr,*RamAddr); //Write a byte from RAM to EEPROM EepromAddr++; //Incerement the Eeprom Address RamAddr++; //Increment the RAM Address NoOfBytes--; //Decrement NoOfBytes after writing each Byte }

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EEPROM_ReadNBytes()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: int,-->eeprom_address from where the N-bytes is to be read.
                 char*-->Pointer into which the N-bytes of data is to be read.
                 char --> Number of bytes to be Read

* Return value	: none

* description:
           This function is used to Read N-bytes of data from specified EEPROM_address.
           EEPROM_ReadByte() func is called to read a byte at a time.
           Source(RAM) and destination(EEPROM) address are incremented each time.
           NoOfBytes is Decemented after a byte is read.
           Above Operation is carried out till all the bytes are read(NoOfBytes!=0)

*/

void EEPROM_ReadNBytes(unsigned int EepromAddr, unsigned char *RamAddr, char NoOfBytes)

{
  while(NoOfBytes !=  0)

{ *RamAddr = EEPROM_ReadByte(EepromAddr);//Read a byte from EEPROM to RAM EepromAddr++; //Incerement the Eeprom Address RamAddr++; //Increment the RAM Address NoOfBytes--; //Decrement NoOfBytes after Reading each Byte

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EEPROM_WriteString()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: int,-->eeprom_address where the String is to be written.
                 char*-->Pointer to String which has to be written.

* Return value	: none

* description:This function is used to Write a String at specified EEPROM_address.
              EEPROM_WriteByte() function is called to write a byte at a time.
              Source(RAM) and destination(EEPOM) address are incremented each time.
              Above Operation is carried out till Null char is identified.

  NOTE: Null char is also written into the eeprom.

*/

void EEPROM_WriteString(unsigned int eeprom_address, unsigned char * source_address)

    do
	{
	  EEPROM_WriteByte(eeprom_address,*source_address); //Write a byte from RAM to EEPROM
	    source_address++;					    //Increment the RAM Address
		eeprom_address++;					   //Increment the Eeprom Address
	  } while(*(source_address-1) !=0);
 }

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EEPROM_ReadString()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: int,-->eeprom_address from where the String is to be read.
                 char*-->Pointer into which the String is to be read.

* Return value	: none

* description:This function is used to Read a String from specified EEPROM_address.
              EEPROM_ReadByte() function is called to read a byte at a time.
              Source(EEPROM) and destination(RAM) address are incremented each time.
              Above Operation is carried out till Null char is identified.

*/

void EEPROM_ReadString(unsigned int eeprom_address, unsigned char * destination_address)

 {
  char eeprom_data;

    do
	 {

eeprom_data = EEPROM_ReadByte(eeprom_address); //Read a byte from EEPROM to RAM

	    *destination_address = eeprom_data;	       //Copy the data into String Buffer
	     destination_address++;			      //Increment the RAM Address
	 	 eeprom_address++;			     //Increment the Eeprom Address
		}while(eeprom_data!=0);
 }

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EEPROM_Erase()

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* I/P Arguments: none

* Return value	: none

* description:This function is used to erase the entire Eeprom memory.
              Eeprom is filled with 0xFF to accomplish the Eeprom Erase.
              EEPROM_WriteByte() function is called to write a byte at a time.
              Whole memory(0-MaxEepromSize) is traversed and filled with 0xFF

*/

 void EEPROM_Erase()
  {

unsigned int eeprom_address;

for(eeprom_address=0;eeprom_address<MaxEepromSize;eeprom_address++) {

         EEPROM_WriteByte(eeprom_address,0xff); // Write Each memory location with OxFF

}

AVR C Library Revision as of 16:49, 20 October 2013 by Rupali (Talk | contribs) (diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)

Contents

Introduction

Overview:

Reference:

Feedback:

Disclaimer:

ADC_Init()

ADC_StartConversion()

LCD_8_bit Mode

LCD_Init()

LCD_Clear()

LCD_GoToLineTwo()

LCD_GoToXY()

LCD_CmdWrite()

LCD_DataWrite()

LCD_DisplayString()

LCD_DisplayNumber()

LCD_ScrollMessage()

LCD_DisplayRtcTime()

LCD_DisplayRtcDate()

LCD_4_bit Mode

LCD_Init()

LCD_CmdWrite()

LCD_DataWrite()

Keypad

KEYPAD_Init()

KEYPAD_WaitForKeyRelease()

KEYPAD_WaitForKeyPress()

KEYPAD_ScanKey()

KEYPAD_GetKey()

UART

UART_RxChar()

UART_TxChar()

UART_TxString()

UART_RxString()

UART_TxNumber()

I2C

I2C_Init()

I2C_Start()

I2C_Stop()

I2C_Write()

I2C_Read()

RTC_DS1307

DS1307_Init()

DS1307_SetTime()

DS1307_SetDate()

DS1307_GetTime()

DS1307_GetDate()

EEPROM

EEPROM_WriteByte()

EEPROM_ReadByte()

EEPROM_WriteNBytes()

EEPROM_ReadNBytes()

EEPROM_WriteString()

EEPROM_ReadString()

EEPROM_Erase()

AVR C Library
Revision as of 16:49, 20 October 2013 by Rupali (Talk | contribs)

(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)