We have covered the basics of timers in the previous tutorial, with that we can see how can a microcontroller communicate with a computer serially.

There are two ways to connect a microcontroller to a computer.

• Using RS232 protocol to the legacy serial port.
• Using a USB to serial convertor.

The communication between the computer and micrcontroller is asynchronous and full duplex.

From microcontroller programming point of view, there is fundamentally no difference. ==Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART)==

===Asynchronous===: There is no fixed clock to synchronize transmission of data; rather a fix bit rate is specified at both transmitter and receiver, termed as Baud Rate. In simple words, it specifies number of bit received/transmitted in 1 second. With that transmitter and receiver get to know time duration for each bit transfer.

===Full Duplex:=== Both computer and micrcontroller have the hardware capability to transmit and receive at the same time.

===RS232:=== It is a legacy standard for serial communication. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin-out of connectors. ====RS232 Signals ====There are various signal for handshaking and communication in RS232 protocol. These are hardly used with modern computers, hence we will see Transmit(Tx) and Receive(Rx) Signals only. ====Voltage Levels====

The important registers for serial communication are:

• SBUFF, it is a serial buffer for data. It holds 8 bit data that needs to be transmitted or the data that is received. Since the serial port of 8051 is full duplex, the microcontroller internally manages to transmit and receive data into the buffer register simultaneously.

*SCON; Serial Control register SCON is also an 8 bit register used for configuring different modes for serial communication as described below.

• SM0 - Serial port mode bit 0 is used for serial port mode selection.
• SM1 - Serial port mode bit 1.

• SM2 - Serial port mode 2 bit, also known as multiprocessor communication enable bit. When set, it enables multiprocessor communication in mode 2 and 3, and eventually mode 1. It should be cleared in mode 0.
• REN - Reception Enable bit enables serial reception when set. When cleared, serial reception is disabled.
• TB8 - Transmitter bit 8. Since all registers are 8-bit wide, this bit solves the problem of transmitting the 9th bit in modes 2 and 3. It is set to transmit a logic 1 in the 9th bit.
• RB8 - Receiver bit 8 or the 9th bit received in modes 2 and 3. Cleared by hardware if 9th bit received is a logic 0. Set by hardware if 9th bit received is a logic 1.
• TI - Transmit Interrupt flag is automatically set at the moment the last bit of one byte is sent. It's a signal to the processor that the line is available for a new byte transmite. It must be cleared from within the software.
• RI - Receive Interrupt flag is automatically set upon one byte receive. It signals that byte is received and should be read quickly prior to being replaced by a new data. This bit is also cleared from within the software.