Revision as of 13:20, 21 December 2013

Introduction:LCD

Liquid Crystal Display(LCDs) provide a cost effective way to put a text output unit for a microcontroller. As we have seen in the previous tutorial, LEDs or 7 Segments do no have the flexibility to display informative messages.

16x2 LCD

This display has 2 lines and can display 16 characters on each line. Nonetheless, when it is interfaced with the micrcontroller, we can scroll the messages with software to display information which is more than 16 characters in length.

The LCD is a simple device to use but the internal details are complex. Most of the 16x2 LCDs use a Hitachi HD44780 or a compatible controller. Yes, a micrcontroller is present inside a Liquid crystal display as shown in figure 1.

Fig 1: LCD Block diagram

The Display Controller takes commands and data from a external microcontroller and drivers the LCD panel(LCDP). It takes a ASCII value as input and generate a patter for the dot matrix. E.g., to display letter 'A', it takes its value 0X41(hex) or 65(dec) decodes it into a dot matrix of 5x8 as shown in figure 2.

==Instruction Set==

The HD44780 instruction set is shown below:

**HD44780U based instruction set**
Instruction	Code										Description
Instruction	RS	R/W	B7	B6	B5	B4	B3	B2	B1	B0	Description
Clear display	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	Clears display and returns cursor to the home position (address 0).
Cursor home	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	*	Returns cursor to home position. Also returns display being shifted to the original position. DDRAM content remains unchanged.
Entry mode set	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	I/D	S	Sets cursor move direction (I/D); specifies to shift the display (S). These operations are performed during data read/write.
Display on/off control	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	D	C	B	Sets on/off of all display (D), cursor on/off (C), and blink of cursor position character (B).
Cursor/display shift	0	0	0	0	0	1	S/C	R/L	*	*	Sets cursor-move or display-shift (S/C), shift direction (R/L). DDRAM content remains unchanged.
Function set	0	0	0	0	1	DL	N	F	*	*	Sets interface data length (DL), number of display line (N), and character font (F).
Read busy flag & address counter	0	1	BF	CGRAM/DDRAM address							Reads busy flag (BF) indicating internal operation being performed and reads CGRAM or DDRAM address counter contents (depending on previous instruction).
Instruction bit names — I/D - 0 = decrement cursor position, 1 = increment cursor position; S - 0 = no display shift, 1 = display shift; D - 0 = display off, 1 = display on; C - 0 = cursor off, 1 = cursor on; B - 0 = cursor blink off, 1 = cursor blink on ; S/C - 0 = move cursor, 1 = shift display; R/L - 0 = shift left, 1 = shift right; DL - 0 = 4-bit interface, 1 = 8-bit interface; N - 0 = 1/8 or 1/11 duty (1 line), 1 = 1/16 duty (2 lines); F - 0 = 5×8 dots, 1 = 5×10 dots; BF - 0 = can accept instruction, 1 = internal operation in progress.

Fig2: LCD_turn_on

It is also possible to generate dot matrix patterns for custom characters and special symbols.

Let us look at a pin diagram of a commercially available LCD like JHD162 which uses a HD44780 controller and then describe its operation.

PIN NUMBER	FUNCTION
1	Ground
2	VCC
3	Contrast adjustment (VO)
4	Register Select (RS). RS=0: Command, RS=1: Data
5	Read/Write (R/W). R/W=0: Write, R/W=1: Read
6	Clock (Enable). Falling edge triggered
7	Bit 0 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
8	Bit 1 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
9	Bit 2 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
10	Bit 3 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
11	Bit 4
12	Bit 5
13	Bit 6
14	Bit 7
15	Back-light Anode(+)
16	Back-Light Cathode(-)

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 [[File:HD44780U Block diagram.png|570x250px|framed|Fig 1: LCD Block diagram]]
-The Display Controller takes commands and data from a external microcontroller and drivers the LCD panel'''(LCDP)'''. It takes a ASCII value as input and generate a patter for the dot matrix. E.g., to display letter 'A', it takes its value '''0X41(hex)''' or '''65(dec)''' decodes it into a dot matrix of 5x9 as shown in figure 2.
+The Display Controller takes commands and data from a external microcontroller and drivers the LCD panel'''(LCDP)'''. It takes a ASCII value as input and generate a patter for the dot matrix. E.g., to display letter 'A', it takes its value '''0X41(hex)''' or '''65(dec)''' decodes it into a dot matrix of 5x8 as shown in figure 2.
-[[File:LCD Animated Turn On.gif|right|framed|Fig2: LCD_turn_on]]
-It is also possible to generate dot matrix patterns for custom characters and special symbols.
-Let us look at a pin diagram of a commercially available LCD like '''JHD162''' which uses a '''HD44780''' controller and then describe its operation.
+==Instruction Set==
 }}
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-! PIN NUMBER !! FUNCTION
-|-
-|1 ||
-|-
-| 2||
-|-
-| 3 ||
-|-
-| 4 ||
-|-
-| 5 ||
-|-
-|  6||
-|-
-| 7 ||
-|-
-| 8 ||
-|-
-| 9 ||
-|-
-| 10 ||
-|-
-| 11 ||
-|-
-| 12 ||
-|-
-| 13 ||
-|-
-|  14||
-|-
-|  15||
-|-
-| 16 ||
-|}
-==Instruction Set==
-<small>
 The HD44780 instruction set is shown below:
@@ Line 254: / Line 213: @@
-|-
-|| Set CGRAM address
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 0
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed;"| 0
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 1
-|align="center" style="border-left: 0px;" colspan="6"| CGRAM address
-|| Sets the CGRAM address. CGRAM data are sent and received after this setting.
-|-
-|| Set DDRAM address
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 0
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed;"| 1
-|align="center" style="border-left: 0px;" colspan="7"| DDRAM address
-|| Sets the DDRAM address. DDRAM data are sent and received after this setting.
@@ Line 301: / Line 229: @@
 || Reads busy flag (BF) indicating internal operation being performed and reads CGRAM or DDRAM address counter contents (depending on previous instruction).
 |-
+|colspan="13" style="font-size: 90%;"| '''Instruction bit names —'''<br>
+'''I/D''' - 0 = decrement cursor position, 1 = increment cursor position;<br/>
-|| Write CGRAM or<br> DDRAM
+'''S''' - 0 = no display shift, 1 = display shift;<br/>
+'''D''' - 0 = display off, 1 = display on;<br/>
+'''C''' - 0 = cursor off, 1 = cursor on;<br/>
+'''B''' - 0 = cursor blink off, 1 = cursor blink on ;<br/>
+'''S/C''' - 0 = move cursor, 1 = shift display;<br/>
+'''R/L''' - 0 = shift left, 1 = shift right;<br/>
+'''DL''' - 0 = 4-bit interface, 1 = 8-bit interface;<br/>
+'''N''' - 0 = 1/8 or 1/11 duty (1 line), 1 = 1/16 duty (2 lines);<br/>
+'''F''' - 0 = 5×8 dots, 1 = 5×10 dots;<br/>
+'''BF''' - 0 = can accept instruction, 1 = internal operation in progress.<br/>
+|}
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 1
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0
-|align="center" style="border-left: 1px dashed;" colspan="8"| Write Data
-|| Write data to CGRAM or DDRAM.
+{{Box|type=l_green_light|text=
+[[File:LCD Animated Turn On.gif|right|framed|Fig2: LCD_turn_on]]
+It is also possible to generate dot matrix patterns for custom characters and special symbols.
+Let us look at a pin diagram of a commercially available LCD like '''JHD162''' which uses a '''HD44780''' controller and then describe its operation.
+}}
+{|class="wikitable floatright"
 |-
+! PIN NUMBER !! FUNCTION
-|| Read from CG/DDRAM
+|-
+|1 || Ground
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 1
-|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 1
-|align="center" style="border-left: 1px dashed;" colspan="8"| Read Data
-|| Read data from CGRAM or DDRAM.
 |-
+| 2|| VCC
-|colspan="13" style="font-size: 90%;"| '''Instruction bit names —'''<br>
+|-
+| 3 || Contrast adjustment (VO)
-'''I/D''' - 0 = decrement cursor position, 1 = increment cursor position;
+|-
+| 4 || Register Select (RS). RS=0: Command, RS=1: Data
-'''S''' - 0 = no display shift, 1 = display shift;
+|-
+| 5 || Read/Write (R/W). R/W=0: Write, R/W=1: Read
-'''D''' - 0 = display off, 1 = display on;
+|-
+|  6|| Clock (Enable). Falling edge triggered
-'''C''' - 0 = cursor off, 1 = cursor on;
+|-
+| 7 ||  Bit 0 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
-'''B''' - 0 = cursor blink off, 1 = cursor blink on ;
+|-
+| 8 ||  Bit 1 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
-'''S/C''' - 0 = move cursor, 1 = shift display;
+|-
+| 9 ||  Bit 2 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
-'''R/L''' - 0 = shift left, 1 = shift right;
+|-
+| 10 || Bit 3 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
-'''DL''' - 0 = 4-bit interface, 1 = 8-bit interface;
+|-
+| 11 || Bit 4
-'''N''' - 0 = 1/8 or 1/11 duty (1 line), 1 = 1/16 duty (2 lines);
+|-
+| 12 || Bit 5
-'''F''' - 0 = 5×8 dots, 1 = 5×10 dots;
+|-
+| 13 || Bit 6
-'''BF''' - 0 = can accept instruction, 1 = internal operation in progress.
+|-
+|  14|| Bit 7
+|-
+|  15|| Back-light Anode(+)
+|-
+| 16 || Back-Light Cathode(-)
 |}
-</small>

Difference between revisions of "A1.8051 Interfacing:LCD 16x2"

Revision as of 13:20, 21 December 2013

Introduction:LCD

16x2 LCD