View source for A1.8051 Interfacing:LCD 16x2 ← A1.8051 Interfacing:LCD 16x2

{{Box|type=l_green_light|text=<br />
=Introduction:LCD=

Liquid Crystal Display(LCDs) provide a cost effective way to put a text output unit for a microcontroller. As we have seen in the previous tutorial, LEDs or 7 Segments do no have the flexibility to display informative messages. 
This display has 2 lines and can display 16 characters on each line. Nonetheless, when it is interfaced with the micrcontroller, we can scroll the messages with software to display information which is more than 16 characters in  length.

== LCD Internal Controller==
[[File:HD44780U Block diagram.png|570x250px|framed|Fig 1: LCD Block diagram]]<br />

The LCD is a simple device to use but the internal details are complex. Most of the 16x2 LCDs use a '''Hitachi HD44780''' or a compatible controller. Yes, a micrcontroller is present inside a Liquid crystal display as shown in figure 1.
[[File:LCD Char 5x7 Matrix.jpg|thumbnail]]
The Display Controller takes commands and data from a external microcontroller and drivers the LCD panel'''(LCDP)'''.
It takes a ASCII value as input and generate a patter for the dot matrix. E.g., to display letter 'A', it takes its value '''0X42(hex)''' or '''66(dec)''' decodes it into a dot matrix of 5x7 as shown in figure 2.

==Basic Commands==
The LCD controller uses RS and RW lines along with E to operate the LCD.
*'''Resister Select (RS)''': Determines weather a command(RS = 0) is sent (to set up the display) or actual data(RS=1) is sent. 
*'''Read/Write''' RW=0; writes to the LCD. RW=1;Reads from the LCD.
The commonly used instructions are shown in the instruction set below.
Observe the '''Bit names: I/D, S, D, C''' etc at the bottom of instruction set to decode the instructions completely.
*Clear Display
*Cursor Home
*Set Entry Mode
*Display on/off control 
*Cursor/display shift 
*Function Set
*Read Busy Flag
*Data Read
*Data Write<br />

}}
==Instruction Set==
{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" align="center"

|+ '''HD44780U based instruction set'''

|-

! style="background: #efefef;" rowspan="2" | Instruction

! style="background: #efefef;" colspan="10" | Code

! style="background: #efefef;" rowspan="2" | Description

|-

! style="background: #efefef; border-right: 0px;" | RS

! style="background: #efefef; border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;" | R/W

! style="background: #efefef; border-right: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed;" | B7

! style="background: #efefef; border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;" | B6

! style="background: #efefef; border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;" | B5

! style="background: #efefef; border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;" | B4

! style="background: #efefef; border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;" | B3

! style="background: #efefef; border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;" | B2

! style="background: #efefef; border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;" | B1

! style="background: #efefef; border-left: 0px;" | B0

|-

| Clear display

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-left: 0px;"| 1

|| Clears display and returns cursor to the home position (address 0).

|-

|| Cursor home

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 1

|align="center" style="border-left: 0px;"| *

|| Returns cursor to home position. Also returns display being shifted to the original position. DDRAM content remains unchanged.


|-

|| Entry mode set

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 1

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| I/D

|align="center" style="border-left: 0px;"| S

|| Sets cursor move direction (I/D); specifies to shift the display (S). These operations are performed during data read/write.


|-

|| Display on/off control

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 1

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| D

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| C

|align="center" style="border-left: 0px;"| B

|| Sets on/off of all display (D), cursor on/off (C), and blink of cursor position character (B).


|-

|| Cursor/display shift

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 1

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| S/C

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| R/L

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| *

|align="center" style="border-left: 0px;"| *

|| Sets cursor-move or display-shift (S/C), shift direction (R/L). DDRAM content remains unchanged.


|-

|| Function set

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 1

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| DL

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| N

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| F

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| *

|align="center" style="border-left: 0px;"| *

|| Sets interface data length (DL), number of display line (N), and character font (F).

|-

|| Read busy flag &<br> address counter

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 0

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 1

|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed;"| BF

|align="center" style="border-left: 0px;" colspan="7"| CGRAM/DDRAM address

|| Reads busy flag (BF) indicating internal operation being performed and reads CGRAM or DDRAM address counter contents (depending on previous instruction).

|-
|| Write CGRAM or<br> DDRAM
|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 1
|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0
|align="center" style="border-left: 1px dashed;" colspan="8"| Write Data
|| Write data to CGRAM or DDRAM.
|-
|| Write CGRAM or<br> DDRAM
|align="center" style="border-right: 0px;"| 1
|align="center" style="border-right: 0px; border-left: 0px;"| 0
|align="center" style="border-left: 1px dashed;" colspan="8"| Write Data
|| Write data to CGRAM or DDRAM.
|-
|colspan="13" style="font-size: 90%;"| '''Instruction bit names —'''<br>
'''I/D''' - 0 = decrement cursor position, 1 = increment cursor position;<br/>

'''S''' - 0 = no display shift, 1 = display shift;<br/>
'''D''' - 0 = display off, 1 = display on;<br/>
'''C''' - 0 = cursor off, 1 = cursor on;<br/>
'''B''' - 0 = cursor blink off, 1 = cursor blink on ;<br/>
'''S/C''' - 0 = move cursor, 1 = shift display;<br/>
'''R/L''' - 0 = shift left, 1 = shift right;<br/>
'''DL''' - 0 = 4-bit interface, 1 = 8-bit interface;<br/>
'''N''' - 0 = 1/8 or 1/11 duty (1 line), 1 = 1/16 duty (2 lines);<br/>
'''F''' - 0 = 5×8 dots, 1 = 5×10 dots;<br/>
'''BF''' - 0 = can accept instruction, 1 = internal operation in progress.<br/>
|}

=LCD UNIT=
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Let us look at a pin diagram of a commercially available LCD like '''JHD162''' which uses a '''HD44780''' controller and then describe its operation.
[[File:PIN_Diagram.PNG]] 
All the pins are identically to the lcd internal controller discussed above

}}
{|class="wikitable floatright" 
|-
! PIN NUMBER !! FUNCTION
|-
|1 || Ground
|-
| 2|| VCC 
|-
| 3 || Contrast adjustment (VO) 
|-
| 4 || Register Select (RS). RS=0: Command, RS=1: Data
|-
| 5 || Read/Write (R/W). R/W=0: Write, R/W=1: Read 
|-
|  6|| Clock (Enable). Falling edge triggered
|-
| 7 ||  Bit 0 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
|-
| 8 ||  Bit 1 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
|-
| 9 ||  Bit 2 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
|-
| 10 || Bit 3 (Not used in 4-bit operation) 
|-
| 11 || Bit 4
|-
| 12 || Bit 5
|-
| 13 || Bit 6
|-
|  14|| Bit 7
|-
|  15|| Back-light Anode(+)
|-
| 16 || Back-Light Cathode(-) 
|}
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>

=Interfacing LCD with 8051=
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LCD can be interfaced with the 8051 micrcontroller in two modes, 8 bit and 4 bit.
Let us Interface it in 8 bit mode first. 
}}
==8 bit Mode==
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===Objective===
[[File:LCD_output.PNG|thumbnail|fig LCD display ]]
There is lot of stuff that can be done with the LCDs, to start with we will simple display a couple of strings on the 2 lines of the LCD as shown in the image.
===Schematic Discription===
*'''Data  Lines:''' In this mode, all of the 8 datalines DB0 to DB7 are connected from the micrcontroller to a LCD module as shown the schematic.
*'''Control Lines:'''' The RS, RW and E are control lines, as discussed earlier.
*'''Power & contrast''':Apart from that the LCD should be powered with 5V between '''PIN 2(VCC)''' and  '''PIN 1(gnd)'''. '''PIN 3''' is the contrast pin and is output of center terminal of potentiometer(voltage divider) which varies voltage between 0 to 5v to vary the contrast.
*'''Back-light:''' The PIN 15 and 16 are used as backlight. The led backlight can be powered through a simple current limiting resistor as we do with normal leds. 
}}

===Schematic===
[[File:8051 LCD8BIT Interface.PNG|Fig 3: Schematic LCD 8 bit mode]]


{{Box|type=l_green_light|text=<br />
===Code===
As with all the interfaces to simplify thing we have separated code into two files, main.c  and  lcd_8_bit.c. You may go through the [[8051 ToolsSetup|tools setup]] tutorial on configuring the code.

The main.c is very simple it includes the standard library files.
Then it uses several functions from the lcd_8_bit.c file to set up and display messages. As you can see, it makes things very simple when the libraries are well written. We will discuss the implementation while discussing the lcd_8_bit.c file.
}}
====The main file main.c====
<syntaxhighlight>
/* Reg51.h contains the defnition of all ports and SFRs */
#include <reg51.h> 

#include "lcd.h"	//Xplore labz LCD library 
#include "delay.h" //Xplore Labz Delay library

/* start the main program */
void main() 
{

  /* Initilize the lcd before displaying any thing on the lcd */
    LCD_Init();

  /* Display "hello, world" on first line*/
  LCD_DisplayString("hello, world");

  /*Go to second line and display "good morning" */
  LCD_GoToLineTwo();
  LCD_DisplayString("good morning");

    while(1);
}
</syntaxhighlight>

====lcd_8_bit.c: 8 bit lcd library file====
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The '''lcd_8_bit.c''' consists of various functions that are required to initialize and use the LCD. Let us look at few important lines and functions.
'''Specifying the Connections''': The connections described in the schematic are specified with following lines of code.
<syntaxhighlight>
#define databus	P2   //	LCD databus connected to PORT2
sbit rs= P0^0;		 // Register select pin connected to P0.0
sbit rw= P0^1;		 // Read Write pin connected to P0.1
sbit en= P0^2;		 // Enable pin connected to P0.2 
</syntaxhighlight>

Let us look at three important functons  in ''' lcd_8_bit.c'''<br />
1. '''void LCD_CmdWrite( char cmd)'''<br />
Commands are required to sent to lcd in order to set it up or initialize.
The timing diagrams for command write are shown in the figure,
[[File:LCD CmdWrite.jpg|figure: command write]]<br />
*step1: Send the I/P command to LCD.
*step2: Select the Control Register by making RS low.
*step3: Select Write operation making RW low.
*step4: Send a High-to-Low pulse on Enable PIN with some delay_us.
<syntaxhighlight>
void LCD_CmdWrite( char cmd)
{
   databus=cmd;     // Send the command to LCD
     rs=0;          // Select the Command Register by pulling RS LOW
     rw=0;          // Select the Write Operation  by pulling RW LOW
     en=1;          // Send a High-to-Low Pusle at Enable Pin
     delay_us(10);
     en=0;
   delay_ms(1);
}
</syntaxhighlight>

'''2. void LCD_DataWrite( char dat)'''
This function sends a character to be displayed on LCD in the following steps.
*step1: Send the character to LCD.
*step2: Select the Data Register by making RS high.
*step3: Select Write operation making RW low.
*step4: Send a High-to-Low pulse on Enable PIN with some delay_us.
The timings are similar as above only change is that '''RS''' is made high.
<syntaxhighlight>
void LCD_DataWrite( char dat)
{
   databus=dat;	   // Send the data to LCD
     rs=1;	   // Select the Data Register by pulling RS HIGH
     rw=0;         // Select the Write Operation by pulling RW LOW
     en=1;	   // Send a High-to-Low Pusle at Enable Pin
     delay_us(10);
     en=0;
   delay_ms(1);
}
</syntaxhighlight>

'''3. void LCD_Init()'''<br />
Looking at the instruction set of the LCD controller, we can initialize the LCD with following steps
* Set the display mode as 2 lines, 5 x 7 matrix
* Turn On the dislay, and cursor.
* Clear the LCD
* Get the cursor to first line first position.
The code is listed below.

<syntaxhighlight>
void LCD_Init()
{
   delay_us(5000);
   LCD_CmdWrite(0x38);   // LCD 2lines, 5*7 matrix
   LCD_CmdWrite(0x0E);	// Display ON cursor ON  Blinking off
   LCD_CmdWrite(0x01);	// Clear the LCD
   LCD_CmdWrite(0x80);	// Cursor to First line First Position
}
</syntaxhighlight>
}}

{{scroll box|width=700px|height=500px|text=<br />
<syntaxhighlight>
#include<reg51.h>
#include "delay.h"
#include "lcd.h"

#define databus	P2   //	LCD databus connected to PORT2

sbit rs= P0^0;		 // Register select pin connected to P0.0
sbit rw= P0^1;		 // Read Write pin connected to P0.1
sbit en= P0^2;		 // Enable pin connected to P0.2


/* 16x2 LCD Specification */
#define LCDMaxLines 2
#define LCDMaxChars 16
#define LineOne 0x80
#define LineTwo 0xc0

#define BlankSpace ' '


void LCD_Init()
{
    delay_us(5000);
   LCD_CmdWrite(0x38);   // LCD 2lines, 5*7 matrix
   LCD_CmdWrite(0x0E);	// Display ON cursor ON  Blinking off
   LCD_CmdWrite(0x01);	// Clear the LCD
   LCD_CmdWrite(0x80);	// Cursor to First line First Position
}


void LCD_CmdWrite( char cmd)
{
     databus=cmd;        // Send the command to LCD
     rs=0;             // Select Command Register by pulling RS LOW
     rw=0;             // Select Write Operation  by pulling RW LOW
     en=1;             // Send a High-to-Low Pusle at Enable Pin
     delay_us(10);
     en=0;
     delay_ms(1);
}


void LCD_DataWrite( char dat)
{

   databus=dat;	   // Send the data to LCD
     rs=1;     // Select the Data Register by pulling RS HIGH
     rw=0;   // Select the Write Operation  by pulling RW LOW
     en=1;	// Send a High-to-Low Pusle at Enable Pin
     delay_us(10);
     en=0;
    delay_ms(1);
}

void LCD_GoToXY(char row, char col)
{
   char pos;

    if(row<LCDMaxLines)
      {
	 pos= LineOne | (row << 6); // take the line number
		                   //row0->pos=0x80  row1->pos=0xc0

	 if(col<LCDMaxChars)
            pos= pos+col;      //take the char number
		               //now pos points to  XY pos

	  LCD_CmdWrite(pos) 
       }
}


void LCD_DisplayString(char *string_ptr)
{
   while(*string_ptr)
    LCD_DataWrite(*string_ptr++);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
}}

==4 bit Mode==
[[File:8051 LCD4BIT Interface.PNG|Fig 4: Schematic LCD 4 bit mode]]