In this tutorial, we are going to discuss the PWM module of LPC2148 . First, we will see how to configure the PWM registers to generate signals of required PWM, At the end, we will see how to use the ExploreEmdedded PWM library.

LPC2148 PWM Module

LPC2148 has 6 PWM output pins which can be used as 6-Single edged or 3-Double edged. There as seven-match registers to support these 6-PWM output signals. Below block diagram shows the PWM pins and the associated Match(Duty Cycle) registers.

PWM Channel	Port Pin	Pin Functions	Associated PINSEL Register	Corresponding Match Register
PWM_1	P0.0	0-GPIO, 1-TXD0, 2-PWM1,	0,1 bits of PINSEL0	PWMMR1
PWM_2	P0.7	0-GPIO, 1-SSEL0, 2-PWM2, 3-EINT2	14,15 bits of PINSEL0	PWMMR2
PWM_3	P0.1	0-GPIO, 1-RXD0, 2-PWM3, 3-EINT0	2,3 bits of PINSEL0	PWMMR3
PWM_4	P0.8	0-GPIO, 1-TXD1, 2-PWM4,	16,17 bits of PINSEL0	PWMMR4
PWM_5	P0.21	0-GPIO, 1-PWM5, 2-CAP1.3,	10,11 bits of PINSEL1	PWMMR5
PWM_6	P0.9	0-GPIO, 1-RXD1, 2-PWM6, 3-EINT3	18,19 bits of PINSEL0	PWMMR6

LPC2148 PWM Registers

The below table shows the registers associated with LPC2148 PWM.

Register	Description
PWMIR	Interrupt Register: The IR can be read to identify which of eight possible interrupt sources are pending. Writing Logic-1 will clear the corresponding interrupt.
PWMTCR	Timer Control Register: The PWMTCR is used to control the Timer Counter functions(enable/disable/reset).
PWMTC	Timer Counter: The 32-bit TC is incremented every PR+1 cycles of PCLK. The PWMTC is controlled through the PWMTCR.
PWMPR	Prescaler Register: This is used to specify the Prescaler value for incrementing the PWMTC.
PWMPC	Prescale Counter: The 32-bit PC is a counter which is incremented to the value stored in PR. When the value in PR is reached, the TC is incremented.
PWMMCR	Match Control Register: The PWMMCR is used to control the reseting of PWMTC and generating of interrupt whenever a Match occurs.
PWMMR0	Match Register: This register hold the max cycle Time(Ton+Toff).
PWMMR1-PWMMR6	Match Registers: These registers holds the Match value(PWM Duty) for corresponding PWM channels(PWM1-PWM6).
PWMPCR	PWM Control Register: PWM Control Register. Enables PWM outputs and selects PWM channel types as either single edge or double edge controlled.
PWMLER	Load Enable Register: Enables use of new PWM values once the match occurs.

Register Configuration

The below table shows the registers associated with LPC2148 PWM.

PWMTCR
31:4	3	2	1	0
Reserved	PWM Enable	Reserved	Counter Reset	Counter Enable

Bit 0 – Counter Enable
This bit is used to Enable or Disable the PWM Timer and PWM Prescalar Counters
0- Disable the Counters
1- Enable the Counter incrementing.

Bit 1 – Counter reset
This bit is used to clear the PWM Timer and PWM Prescaler Counter values.
0- Do not Clear.
1- The PWM Timer Counter and the PWM Prescale Counter are synchronously reset on the next positive edge of PCLK.

Bit 3 – PWM Enable
Used to Enable or Disable the PWM Block.
0- PWM Disabled
1- PWM Enabled

PWMMCR
31:21	20	19	18	-	5	4	3	2	1	0
Reserved	PWMMR6S	PWMMR6R	PWMMR6I	-	PWMMR1S	PWMMR1R	PWMMR1I	PWMMR0S	PWMMR0R	PWMMR0I

PWMMRxI
This bit is used to Enable or Disable the PWM interrupts when the PWMTC matches PWMMRx (x:0-6)
0- Disable the PWM Match interrupt
1- Enable the PWM Match interrupt.

PWMMRxR
This bit is used to Reset PWMTC whenever it Matches PWMRx(x:0-6)
0- Do not Clear.
1- Reset the PWMTC counter value whenever it matches PWMRx.

PWMMRxS
This bit is used to Stop the PWMTC,PWMPC whenever the PWMTC matches PWMMRx(x:0-6).
0- Disable the PWM stop o match feature
1- Enable the PWM Stop feature. This will stop the PWM whenever the PWMTC reaches the Match register value.

PWMPCR
31:15	14-9	8-7	6-2	1-0
Unused	PWMENA6-PWMENA1	Unused	PWMSEL6-PWMSEL2	Unused

PWMSELx
This bit is used to select the single edged and double edge mode form PWMx (x:2-6)
0- Single Edge mode for PWMx
1- Double Edge Mode for PWMx.

PWMENAx
This bit is used to enable/disable the PWM output for PWMx(x:1-6)
0- PWMx Disable.
1- PWMx Enabled.

PWMLER
31-7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
Unused	LEN6	LEN5	LEN4	LEN3	LEN2	LEN1	LEN0

LENx
This bit is used Enable/Disable the loading of new Match value whenever the PWMTC is reset(x:0-6)
PWMTC will be continously incremented and whenever it reaches the PWMMRO, timer will be reset depeding on PWMTCR configuraion. Once the Timer is reset the New Match values will be loaded from MR0-MR6 depending on bits set in this register.
0- Disable the loading of new Match Values
1- Load the new Match values from MRx when the timer is reset.

PWM Working

After looking into the PWM registers, its time to see how the LPC1768 PWM module works.

The TC is continuously incremented and once it matches the MR1(Duty Cycle) the PWM pin is pulled Low. TC still continues to increment and once it reaches the Cycle time(Ton+Toff) the PWM module does the following things:

Reset the TC value.
Pull the PWM pin High.
Loads the new Match register values.

Summary of PWM operations for the above image:

Slide1: The TC is being incremented as per the Pre-scalar configuration. The PWM output is high as the TC is still less that duty cycle.
Slide2: TC is incremented to 40 and still the PWM pin as HIGH.
Slide3: TC is incremented to 60 and it matches the Duty Cycle(MR1=60).
Slide4: Now the Comparator1(Green) will trigger the R of SR latch and Pulls the PWM output to Zero(Q=0). TC still continues to increment.
Slide5: TC is incremented to 80 and PWM pin is low as TC>Duty Cycle.
Slide6: Now TC is 100 and it matches the Cycle time(MR0==100).
Slide7: Now the Comparator2(Red) will trigger the S of SR latch and pulls the PWM output to ONE(Q==1). It also resets the TC to zero. It updates Shadow buffers with new Match values from MRO,MR1.

Steps to Configure PWM

Configure the GPIO pins for PWM operation in respective PINSEL register.
Configure TCR to enable the Counter for incrementing the TC, and Enable the PWM block.
Set the required pre-scalar value in PR. In our case it will be zero.
Configure MCR to reset the TC whenever it matches MR0.
Update the Cycle time in MR0. In our case it will be 100.
Load the Duty cycles for required PWMx channels in respective match registers MRx(x: 1-6).
Enable the bits in LER register to load and latch the new match values.
Enable the required pwm channels in PCR register.

Example

Program to demonstrates the variable PWM signal generation on PWM_1-PWM_4(P0_0,P0_7,P0_1,P0_8).
Connect the Leds to the pins P0_0,P0_7,P0_1,P0_8 and observe the led brigthness change depending on the dutycycle.

Using ExploreEmbedded Libraries :

In the above tutorial, we just discussed how to configure and use the PWM module of LPC2148. Once you know the internals of LPC2148 PWM, you can directly use the ExploreEmbedded libraries to generate the required PWM signals for different duty cycles.
The below sample code shows how to use the ExploreEmbedded PWM library.

Downloads

Download the complete project folder from this link

Have an opinion, suggestion , question or feedback about the article let it out here!

LPC2148 PWM Programming

Contents